Laquinimod treatment at 0.1-1M does not affect the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). By performing the large-scale gene expression microarray analysis in PBMC from healthy subjects or relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients, Laquinimod is shown to induce suppression of genes related to antigen presentation and corresponding inflammatory pathways. Laquinimod induces activation of Th2 response in CD14+ and CD4+ cells and suppression of proliferation in CD8+ cells. Laquinimod displays significant effects on immune modulation related to the suppression of antigen presenting mechanism followed by a decrease of chemotaxis and adhesion, and exhibits potent anti-inflammatory potency through the suppression of the NF-B pathway that concordantly leads to the activation of apoptosis of immuno-competent cells.

(20S)-Protopanaxatriol

(24S)-24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

(alpha)-Tocopherol phosphate

(beta)-Carotene

(E)-2-Decenoic acid

(gamma)-GT

(R)-Oxiracetam

(S)-(+)-Modafinic acid

(Z)-2-decenoic acid

10-Oxo Docetaxel

4-Aminopyridine

2-Thiouracil